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Return Shingle maker It takes forever for a whole farm. The roofs of the Black Forest farms had to endure a lot, in the truest sense of the word. Not infrequently, winters were extremely snowy, which is why a solid covering was indispensable. Since there were no tiles in past times, the roofs were mostly covered with wooden shingles. These had to be sturdy enough to survive the extremes of weather. Since the hipped roofs of the Black Forest farms are pulled down low, their surface area is large, which is why a considerable number of wooden shingles were required. There are said to have been up to 35,000 per farm. Their production was taken care of by the shingle maker, who made each shingle by hand during the long winter evenings. Such shingles are stable and last for several decades. Their basic material is spruce wood. Since wood stretches when it comes into contact with water, the shingle maker must take care to use only material from trees that are left-turning, that is, whose trunk twists in on itself to the left. This ensures that when the shingles dry, they all twist again in the same way. Due to the effect of stretching, the roof was tight when it rained because the shingles lay flat on top of each other, while when drying, small gaps were created between the shingles that helped the moisture to evaporate. Thus, the roof thinks with you and adapts to the weather. Wood shingles are obtained from the tree trunks after they are debarked and sawed into small round pieces. These round pieces are then split into the raw shingles. They are then still rough and must be smoothed with a special knife called a "drawing knife". This tool is quite wide and has two handles, so it can be used with both hands. Consequently, the raw shingle must be firmly clamped so that it does not slip away. The shingle bench, a narrow wooden trestle that the shingle maker places in front of him, serves this purpose. Shingle makers rely on an ancient knowledge of the quality and properties of wood. Thus, they primarily use wood felled in winter and pay attention to the days when the trees are felled. Here the phase of the moon plays an important role. Wooden shingles were cheap and easy to obtain in the Black Forest, because wood was always available here. However, this building material has the disadvantage of being easily combustible. This is actually also the reason why, after the eighteenth century, wooden shingles lost importance in roofing. The numerous city fires of that time led to a rethinking towards other materials such as slate or clay. Shingle maker was an early profession in the Black Forest, different from clock-maker, because the latter were farmers' people who assembled clocks on the side.

Return St. Peter Baroque Church The special thing here is the library. A wooden church was first built in St. Peter by the Benedictines in 1100. The baroque church with its two onion domes, which stands on this site today, dates from 1720 and was designed by Peter Thumb from Vorarlberg. Its interior design includes 55 frescoes by Franz Joseph Spiegler depicting scenes from the life of the Apostle Paul and several sculptures by Joseph Anton Feuchtmayer. The high altar has the peculiarity that its external appearance can be changed. To do this, various motifs are slid onto the altar from a holder that can be rolled off. In this way, the altarpiece can adapt to different occasions within the church year. The former monastery of St. Peter also includes a library, which was also planned by Peter Thumb. The special feature: It has a walk-in gallery on which twelve figures stood at the time. They symbolized the various fields of knowledge for which books were available here. Today, however, six of them no longer exist. By 1806, the library had more than 20,000 books. Among others, a Koberger Bible from 1483 was kept here, as well as a number of manuscripts, some of which dated back to the tenth century. However, the book collections were moved elsewhere in 1806, as the monastery was dissolved in that year. In the meantime, there is a virtual form of the St. Peter's library, which has been maintained by several libraries and archives since 2009. Otherwise, it is worth mentioning about St. Peter that it is located in the Glottertal. This valley is not only quite idyllic, but also very famous since the eighties, because the soap opera "Die Schwarzwaldklinik" was set here. The building that represented the hospital actually exists in the upper part of the valley. It is the so-called "Carlsbau" from 1914, which was then as now in use as a clinic. Worth mentioning is furthermore the mountain Kandel, which rises with a height of 1,242 meters between the Glottertal, the Simonswälder and the Elztal. In the Glottertal, the so-called "Glottertäler Weißherbst" is also pressed, a white wine made from red grapes. In general, the Glottertal has a favorable climate, so that fruit also grows well there.

Return Freiburg Cathedral Not only the largest church, but also the largest city in the Black Forest: Freiburg Even though Freiburg officially carries the suffix "im Breisgau" in its city name, it is the major city most closely associated with the Black Forest, also its largest city. In fact, in its eastern environs, the mountain slopes rise steeply and one can see the forested peaks towering all around the city. Freiburg's local mountain, the Schauinsland, rises particularly clearly at 1,287 meters. Its peak can be reached from Freiburg by cable car. Freiburg was founded around 1120 by the Zähringers under Berthold II. As a result, like many other Zähringer towns, it has also acquired an oval shape. The old town has been preserved in large parts to the present day, although two of the former four city gates are missing. One of the landmarks of the city is the cathedral. It was built between 1200 and 1513 and has the second highest tower in the Black Forest. It is 116 meters high. It is surpassed only by a 246-meter elevator test tower in Rottweil. The cathedral tower has a viewing platform at a height of seventy meters. It was completed around 1330 and has remained largely undamaged since then. During construction, iron anchors embedded in lead were inserted in the tower's spire to connect the individual parts, which contributed to its high stability. Since then, the Minster tower has served as a model for other church towers in the neo-Gothic style. The oldest work of art within the Freiburg Cathedral is a cross made of oak wood, dating from around 1200, with a height of 2.63 meters and a width of 1.45 meters. It is decorated with several silver palettes and has been placed in the chancel since 2009. Also, one of the total nineteen bells of the cathedral dates from the thirteenth century, more precisely from 1258, and bears the name Hosanna. It is interesting that in the period from 1843 to 2008 it was struck only by itself. There was a musical reason for this: compared to all the other bells, the Hosanna was out of tune by a quarter tone, so ringing it together would have been dissonant. Only since 2008, when a renovation of the entire belfry including a redistribution of the bells was completed, has the Hosanna been able to ring together again. Freiburg has another special feature that is not very common elsewhere: Its Bächle ("brooklets"). Throughout the old town, narrow watercourses can be found along the edges of the streets, with water flowing in them from the Dreisam river. The Bächle are very old, already mentioned in documents around 1220. They are artificial canals with a total length of 16 kilometers, which in the past served to supply water to the inhabitants as well as to the fields. It is assumed that they were created because the groundwater in the city area was very deep and therefore there were only a few wells. Today, the streams serve more for the pleasant cityscape. Sometimes, however, they cause displeasure when tourists accidentally step into them and get their feet wet. But the good thing is that a legend proclaims: Whoever unintentionally steps into a Bächle while visiting Freiburg will soon marry a Freiburg citizen. Well, if that's not a reason to come to Freiburg … The city has a relatively warm climate. However, a special mountain wind ensures that it cools down quickly in the evenings in the city center, the so-called "Höllentäler", which takes its name from the Höllental. However, its air comes mainly from the Dreisamtal. On days with high-pressure weather, it starts about an hour after sunset and brings gushes of cool air from the valley slopes into the city.

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Return Hiking In the beautiful landscape this can be really fun. The Black Forest offers many hiking trails that could not be more different. Some are supraregional and cross the low mountain range, others are circular trails within the Black Forest. Worth mentioning are especially the so-called theme trails, on which knowledge is imparted in several stations. The difficulty levels are also different. There are steep mountain tours, but also gentle trails that you can even visit with a stroller. In addition, there are barefoot routes as well as barrier-free paths. Scenic hiking routes are mainly located around the Feldberg as well as in the Wutach Gorge. But also the three "Höhenwege" ("high-altitude trails"), which all start from Pforzheim, are very popular, but with a length of more than 200 kilometers each they are a challenge. The best known of these is the Westweg. It has its end point in Basel and passes almost all the high mountains of the Black Forest on its 285 kilometers. A tribute to the cuckoo clock is the "U(h)rwaldpfad" at Rohrhardsberg. Here, all kinds of cuckoo clocks are hung up in the warm season, providing nesting sites for wildlife. A clock carrier circuit starts in Triberg and goes via Titisee-Neustadt as well as Villingen-Schwenningen on more than 180 kilometers back to Triberg. Apart from hiking, you can also enjoy many other leisure activities in the Black Forest. There are numerous outdoor pools, great adventure pools, summer toboggan runs and golf courses, so fun for the whole family. Inline skaters get their money's worth as well as hang gliders. And of course you can also go horseback riding.

Return (Black Forest) cuckoo clock "Cuckoo, cuckoo" calls from the clock. The cuckoo clock is the symbol of the Black Forest par excellence. The wall clock in the shape of a little house, from which a cuckoo peeps out through a flap and proclaims the hour, is known all over the world and a popular souvenir for tourists to Germany from other countries. It is believed that a first form of the Black Forest cuckoo clock was created around 1738 in the workshop of Franz Anton Ketterer, a clock-maker from Schönwald. Possibly, however, the idea goes back to Ketterer's father. Michael Dilger from Neukirch and Matthäus Hummel are also said to have built cuckoo clocks in the Black Forest as early as 1742. Of Friedrich Dilger, at least, it is known that he deepened his knowledge of clockmaking in France in 1712. Whether the concept of a clock with a bird call originally came from the Black Forest can no longer be determined with certainty. It is said that the Elector Johann Georg I of Saxony already had a clock with a cuckoo call in his collection anno 1619. There is also an artistically decorated clock with a crowing rooster in the Strasbourg Cathedral. This might have been an inspiration for the cuckoo clock. At the time of the clock-makers Ketterer, Dilger and Hummel, the cuckoo clock did not look like it does today. It was initially a wooden clock with a cuckoo call in the form of two small organ pipes. The external design of the cuckoo clock, which is known all over the world and is common today, is the result of an initiative of Robert Gerwig. From 1850 to 1857, the ingenious designer of the Black Forest and Höllental Railways was the first director of the Duke of Baden's Clock-making School in Furtwangen, which had been founded in 1850 specifically for the needs of small clock-makers in order to provide a counterweight to the increasingly industrial mass production of clocks. In a kind of competition, Gerwig searched for designs for new, contemporary clock models and the result was the so-called "Bahnhäusleuhr" ("railroad cottage clock"), whose main characteristic is the sloping roof. Designed by Friedrich Eisenlohr, it is essentially modeled on a railroad guard's cottage, which was something very modern at the time. Over the years, various workshops added all sorts of ornaments and sometimes elaborate carvings to this basic concept, so that the cuckoo clock is always individually designed, despite its railroad cottage shape. There are even versions that, in addition to the cuckoo, have more figures that move or indicate the quarter hours by call. Most cuckoo clocks are quite small, only one is very huge. It is located in Triberg and is over fifteen meters high. Its movement weighs close to six tons, but the greatest thing is that you can enter its interior. Isn't that great? It's like a look-through puzzle, only big.

Return Mill There is a mill in the Black Forest valley. The river courses of the Black Forest with their sometimes considerable gradients have been suitable for the use of water power since early times. This is a very old method of energy generation and is documented as early as the fifth century BC. The first grain mills were built in the third century BC. In the Black Forest, the use of water power initially took place through conventional mills, which were mainly used for grain processing in agriculture. In addition, hammer mills and saws for woodworking were also powered by water. They were all built on the slopes where the gradient of the water is greatest and thus develops the most kinetic energy. In the milling process, the dedusted grain is poured into a hopper from which the grains gradually fall between two millstones. One of the millstones stands on the ground and weighs up to ten kilograms. Above this is a second stone, which weighs about half as much. This is moved by means of water power. The grains, which are ground by friction, pass into a drum, which is also turned by the mill wheel and acts like a sieve. Since the upper rock layer in the Black Forest is sandstone, the millstones were also made of this material. Sawmills were needed to process wood as a building material. Until the nineteenth century, wood was the material used to make the majority of utensils such as dishes and containers. It was also, and above all, of central importance for the construction of houses. In the region you can often find trade names with the component "saw", for example often a "Sägedobel" ("small saw valley"). You can admire a very old Black Forest mill in the Simonswald valley, namely the Hexenlochmühle. The same is true for the Rankmühle in St. Märgen. The Mönchhof sawmill in Waldachtal can be visited. It was built as early as the fifteenth century and is still in its original condition, i.e. it is also functional. Also worth seeing is the Großjockenmühle, which was built in 1883 at the entrance to the Ravenna Gorge. It has a structural peculiarity: the water for the mill wheel is not supplied from the outside, but flows through the roof. The Kobisenmühle near St. Georgen is also worth a look. It has been restored and can be visited. It is interesting that it has two grinding gears. In the course of time, the sawmills in particular were converted to steam operation; today, of course, they run on electricity.

Return St. Nikolaus Church Buchenberg Small and modest, but ancient In Buchenberg, a small district of Königsfeld, stands a tiny church that appears very modest from the outside. In fact, however, it is one of the oldest in the Black Forest. The Church of St. Nikolaus has existed there since the eleventh century. To marvel at, there are wall paintings inside, which are very old and date back to the fifteenth century. They were uncovered and restored during extensive renovation work in the fifties. The choir contains a sculpted coat of arms of the von Falkenstein family, which had connections to Buchenberg in the fifteenth century. Over time, the little church has survived several earthquakes and a lightning strike in the tower almost unscathed. There were several plans to enlarge it. However, hardly anything of it was put into practice until the already mentioned rebuilding in the twentieth century. Next to the Church of St. Nikolaus there was a rectory. This was sold in the sixteenth century, after which an inn settled in it. On the subject of churches, the Black Forest has to offer not only such tranquil places as Buchenberg, but also very large, imposing buildings such as the Freiburg Cathedral or the one of St. Blasien with its huge dome. Since the region consists of a Baden and a Swabian part, there were not infrequent points of friction between the Christian denominations from the Thirty Years' War onwards, with individual communities changing their allegiance to one territory several times over the years and thus having to convert to another denomination. Several monasteries also developed early in the Black Forest. Among them, the most important is the monastery of Hirsau, whose prehistory goes back to the ninth century. In the eleventh century it was the largest monastery in the German-speaking area. It was not only the starting point of several other monastery foundations, but also of the "Hirsau Reform", through which already existing monastic communities were renewed. Another peculiarity of the Black Forest is the so-called Longinus Cross. It is a crucifix with a hipped roof, as the local farms have, and with an image of Longinus on a horse. He was popular among the peasants of Baden as a patron saint, which could be a reason for his presence on the crosses, especially since he is usually depicted there in a Baden uniform. But back to Königsfeld: the place is known mainly as a center of the Moravian Brethren community, which was founded in 1727 by Nikolaus Ludwig Graf von Zinzendorf. On the territory of Baden-Württemberg, Königsfeld was the first settlement of the Brethren Community at the time of its earliest certification in 1806. Königsfeld also has an Albert Schweitzer Museum in a house named after the famous doctor that he built there. Not far from Buchenberg is the idyllic Glasbach Valley, where a stream of the same name flows. What is interesting about this stream is that it is its most water-rich tributary until it flows into the young Neckar river.

Return Charcoal burning Poor charcoal Peter … Charcoal burning also has a long tradition in the Black Forest. In many respects it behaved with it quite similarly as with the glassblowing. In the Black Forest, not only was quartz for glass production sought early on, but also copper, iron and even silver. For their further processing, great heat was needed, for which the burning of bare wood, as the glassblowers did, was no longer sufficient. For this purpose, there were charcoal burners, who prepared the wood in such a way that it was charred, its energy density was increased, so that it radiated higher temperatures when burned. The charcoal burner built a kiln from a cone-shaped pile of logs, which was then covered with brushwood and sealed with earth and moss. Only one opening remained, through which some embers were pushed into the interior of the charcoal kiln. This ember then had to gradually spread to the wood in the pile and smolder it. It was important that the temperature inside remained constant. The wood was not allowed to burn, but only to smolder in order to become coal. Since charcoal burning was a very dirty trade, charcoal burners usually enjoyed a rather bad reputation, for which, however, they could not help. This circumstance was taken up by the writer Wilhelm Hauff in his fairy tale "The Cold Heart". In this fairy tale, the poor charcoal burner Peter Munk has three wishes from the little glass man, a good forest spirit. He squanders two of them on wealth, which is why the third is initially denied him. Therefore, Peter turns to another, evil spirit, who grants him even more money, but puts a stone instead of a heart as the price. As Peter becomes increasingly stingy and callous, even neglecting his mother and killing his wife in anger, he wants his heart back, but does not get it back from the evil forest spirit. Instead, the good one helps him with some advice. So Peter seeks out the evil spirit again and accuses him that the cold stone heart is not working properly. The evil forest spirit does not want to believe this and gives him back his real heart as a comparison. No sooner has this happened than the good forest spirit grants Peter protection and reunites him with his mother and his revived wife. By the way, there is a Hauff Fairy Tale Museum in Baiersbronn, which is dedicated to this fairy tale and to the author himself. The charcoal burners soon had a similar fate as the glass blowers. Since they needed a lot of wood for their work, they had to clear more and more forests and adapt their charcoal kilns to the location of the available forest. Thus, they too caused the almost complete clear-cutting of the Black Forest towards the end of the nineteenth century.

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Return lynx You will see this one very rarely here. It looks like a cat, but it is much bigger, the lynx. You can recognize it not only by its cat-like appearance, but especially by its ears, which end in elongated "tufts", its whiskers and its stubby tail. In earlier times, the lynx was native to much of central and northern Europe until it was exterminated by humans. At the end of the twentieth century, a project began to reintroduce the animal to Switzerland. That this was successful is shown by the fact that several specimens migrated from there to the Black Forest and are now native again. This has been reliably proven by evaluations of transmitter data and photo traps since 1998. Lynx are generally very shy. With a body length of up to 1.20 meters and a maximum height of seventy centimeters, they reach the dimensions of a sheepdog. The rather short tail measures a maximum of 25 centimeters. Their weight can be up to 30 kilograms. They are active mainly at night and in the twilight phases. Their territories are of considerable size and can cover several hundred square kilometers, with males, also called cuds, roaming much further than females. Lynx have individually differently colored, dense fur, which usually has sand, red or brown tones as the basic color, and is not infrequently spotted. There is a white patch on the ears, while the tip of the tail is always black. Lynx prey on various animals, hares, rodents, fish, but also roes or even deer. They prefer to sneak up on their prey. Their excellent hearing is an advantage for them. Lynx can hear a mouse from 50 meters away as soon as it moves. The number of lynx in Germany is quite small. It is between one and two hundred specimens. Lynx are endangered by the destruction and fragmentation of their habitat by agriculture and traffic routes. Thus, the lynx is on the Red List of animals threatened with extinction.

Return Costume pair Almost every place has its own traditional costume. In the Black Forest, costumes have a great tradition, which is still actively cultivated today. It is noticeable that the wealth of variations from place to place is quite high. In total, there are said to be 120 different traditional costumes in the Black Forest. Traditional costumes probably originated in the sixteenth century, as a result of various dress codes that were related to the respective social classes. The affiliation to religious denominations played an essential role, as well as the marital status. However, traditional costume areas are largely based on the dominions, as they were in pre-Napoleonic times. Nevertheless, the Black Forest traditional costumes are also part of the ecclesiastical tradition. In the Black Forest, the colors black, white and red as well as purple dominate the traditional costumes. The men usually wear a wide, white shirt, over it a black vest with red lining, and with it black pants and a hat of the same color. The stockings are either white or red, and the shoes are black. The women wear basically the same set, instead of trousers a long skirt in black, which is heavily pleated and therefore quite weighty. The white blouse has half-length puffed sleeves. Over it comes a velvet bodice embroidered with small floral motifs, especially tinsel on the collar. This is then accompanied by purple ribbons and white stockings and black shoes. In 1894, a first traditional costume association was founded in Hausach. Many other towns and communities followed this example. If you want to get an overview of all the traditional costumes known in the Black Forest, you should take a look at the Black Forest Costume Museum in Haslach, which was founded in 1980. More than a hundred life-size figures display a wide variety of traditional costumes. You can also buy original costumes from the Black Forest in some stores in the region. However, the pieces are not exactly cheap, because their production is expensive.